is bamboo illegal to grow in california

document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Certainly the information we receive is unreliable. Recently, North Korean general, Ri Yong Gil, was reported executed. Soon afterwards, he turned Bargil sees restrictions on home gardening as a violation of a fundamental right: We have the right to use our own properties to grow our own food, as long as that use doesnt impinge on someone elses freedom to enjoy their property.. So far, New York and Connecticut seem to be the only states to have passed laws dealing with bamboo. The grows are especially prevalent in the Emerald Triangle, an area of Northern California so-called because of the amount of cannabis, both legal and illegal, This running variety is the most widely grown bamboo in the United States. Be wary, however, as bamboo can grow deceptively quickly so youll have to check regularly to avoid any mishaps. But an even bigger surprise awaited him when he showed up in a courtroom a few months later, and the judge asked him why he was there. Ill get right to the point. In Lower Merion, an unlucky couple bought a piece of property from someone who failed to disclose an existing bamboo problem on the land. Site by. Since bamboo spreads its roots out very far, any existing plant life could be affected by them coming in direct contact with those roots. Running bamboo vigorously sends out underground stems that grow rapidly from the parent plant before producing vertical stems. Because the source of the problem is from the bamboo on their side, so I want the neighbor to be responsible for the remedy. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bambubatu_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bambubatu_com-medrectangle-4-0');Not only do these types of bamboo have a vigorous root system, but some species can also be very large, with individual culms reaching 50 or 80 feet tall and getting 4 or 5 inches in diameter. Typically, the farms consist of white hoop tents that shelter plants worth millions of dollars on the black market. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'bambubatu_com-box-4','ezslot_8',120,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bambubatu_com-box-4-0');The U.S. Department of Agriculture has listed golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) as an invasive species on the federal government website. WebBamboo can be an invasive threat to biodiversity. In the U.S., that means the Southern and Pacific states. SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) Nine of every 10 illegal marijuana farms raided in California this year contained traces of powerful and potentially lethal pesticides that are poisoning wildlife and could endanger water supplies, researchers and federal authorities said Tuesday. https://www.epicgardening.com/invasive-plant-species-in-california Authorities say the boom has led to forced labor, violence, water theft and the destruction of fragile desert habitat and wildlife. Your email address will not be published. In the end, many gardeners, and more often their neighbors, decide to have the bamboo removed. Bamboo, which technically is a giant grass, is one of the worlds most invasive plants. By the time the new shoots start coming up, they could be a yard or two away from the main plant. Yet, in no time new shoots will appear outside its planting space, creating a maintenance nightmare. LOS ANGELES Californias cannabis market is booming nearly five years after voters legalized recreational weed. Produces 25-feet-high canes in two or three years, with ultimate height of 40 to 50 feet. All members of the genus Phyllostachys are runners and are actually relatively easily to identify. Now, I am landscaping my yard (the area where the bamboo is has not been irrigated for 11 years) and when we excavated there were roots over 6 inches thick up to 15 feet into my yard. Such farms are often difficult to discern at ground level, because they are frequently obscured by large earthen berms and shrubs. Can bamboo grow in Australia? The presence of desert pot farms appears to have become even more entrenched since last year, when record lightning fires burned through the heart of Northern Californias pot-growing region, destroying farms and tainting surviving plants with wildfire smoke. You may want to keep the roots in check by trimming them annually. Bottom one-third of plant is clear of buds or branchlets, and the canes eventually turn yellow. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation is responsible for enforcing these restrictions. Not at all. If the bamboo is situated too close to your house, you might have to endure the small insects and mites that are often found on the bamboo growth entering your house and causing nuisance. In time, the bamboo will become extremely pot-bound and begin to grow outside the pot, and you may notice a distinct lack of vigor. While technically Bamboo Giant Nursery, located in Aptos, California, is not a Bamboo forest, it is an enormous bamboo garden that covers acres of various bamboo plants. You can buy cannabis if you are: 18 or older with a physicians recommendation (medicinal use) 21 or older (adult use) Cities and counties may have stricter laws about cannabis than the state. In addition to those in Connecticut and New York, communities in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina and California have passed or are considering ordinances banning outright or regulating bamboo. I hesitate to imagine what will happen when the area gets regular water. They form clumps that slowly expand around their edges. On a rugged overlook in Yucca Valley, in San Bernardino County, a middle-aged man in a straw hat stooped as he entered a crude and sultry greenhouse. and/or an injunction against future trespass or nuisance. Rich Debevec. Be aware that most clumping bamboos are not cold hardy, so its best to treat them as annuals. The vehicles, which were headed to a huge pot farm, streaked through desert tortoise habitat and sent a large cloud of dust billowing over cholla cactus and creosote. Workers, who live on the compounds for months at a time, nourish the crop with fertilizer and plastic drip-irrigation tubes. Laws against bamboo are only so effective. WebWhat states is it illegal to grow bamboo? The Lower Merion Environmental Advisory Council (EAC) has recommended removing the very large stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata completely. Later they changed to law to put a stop to bamboo that was encroaching on private property. You should look for a clump of culms that has come up in the last year or so and which includes at least three or four healthy-looking culms. The best way for this situation would be to remove the bamboo with its roots as soon as possible because they overgrow and could potentially overtake your yard, house, or other types of plants if left unchecked over time. Illegal pot farms are multiplying throughout the high desert. Meanwhile, in the Township of Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, local authorities have had to take action to help resolve a bamboo-related dispute between some disappointed new homeowners and their disgruntled neighbor. It's perfectly acceptable to grow many veggies and herbs from transplants instead of seed, and you can even order some online. A number of concerned citizens brought the issue of invasive bamboo to the attention of the mayor and the Springfield Township Committee. More are sure to follow. Enlisted by growers from his hometown in Mexico, the 26-year-old tended marijuana plants for perhaps as long as a month and a half at a makeshift greenhouse on the outskirts of Lake Los Angeles, where he was held against his will, prosecutors say, by means of violence, menace, fraud and deceit.. On average, a new bamboo stalk will grow about one foot per day or up to 60 feet in just 100 days! The 2018 Farm Bill finally made it legal to grow help nationwide. This running variety spreads slowly, so it can be grown in the ground without barriers and controlled by pruning. Their business is not welcome in our county, she said. A maintenance contract will be less expensive for your client than repairing sewer or water linesor being sued by a neighbor. In addition, this bamboo tree and its roots can cause significant problems for foundations and septic systems if they are allowed to grow too long so cut them off! I dont care if people call Bamboo a plant or a tree. Its a weed. I dont care if people think a scene of tropical Bamboo growing wild is pictures Los Angeles County sheriffs deputies within the last few months have counted 500 such illegal grow sites from the air a huge jump from the 150 tallied last year. Why Hiring Professional Pest Control for Your Property is a Good Idea, 9 Toy Breeds That Make Great Apartment Pets, 6 Clever Ways You Can Use A Personal Self-Storage In Calgary, Thing To Look For When Choosing The Best New Neighbourhood For Your Family. Join the party! I was never afraid.. Can be grown in tub or ground. These two types of bamboo are considered among the most aggressive and problematic of the running bamboo species. The Southern California brochure is also available in Spanish.). So be careful, and consider some of the bamboo containment strategies described below.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'bambubatu_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_7',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bambubatu_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); In the unfortunate case of Little Merion Township, Pennsylvania, a couple bought a house without knowing there was bamboo on the property, bamboo that was already spreading over the property line. Woody bamboos are classified into two large groups, the temperate woody bamboos (tribe Arundinarieae, ca. Bamboo growers must keep their bamboo at least 20 feet from the property line. You should contact a Though there is no official tally of homicides, The Times found at least five Mojave Desert slayings in 2020 and 2021 that investigators said were related to pot farming, as well as one attempted murder. Accept Read More, 9 hidden dangers of growing bamboo on your property. State and local governments are beginning to outlaw bamboo as a nuisance or are regulating how and where it can be planted. Theres no denying bamboo makes a pretty exotic screen. Authorities seized tens of millions of dollars worth of illegal marijuana grown in the Antelope Valley in June. Weed grows really good here year-round.. Ah, the wonders of this mysterious grass continue to run rampant! Apparently, the term running bamboo is a well-earned nickname. Bamboos are giant grasses with woody stems that spread by underground rhizomes. Colbertondemand.com is one of my websites, which was created to share my experience about home improvement. A June 8 photo from the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department shows marijuana plants inside an illegal grow operation in the Antelope Valley. In the Antelope Valley, at least three killings in the last two years have been connected to marijuana farms. Bamboo fanciers grow the plant for both artistic and practical reasons. Bambusa textilis (Weavers bamboo). Ive heard stories from bamboo growers whose anxious neighbors have threatened them with FDA guidelines and federal consequences. BETHLEHEM, Pa. . The farms have become so numerous that one outraged resident posted drone footage of one greenhouse after another filling a one-mile stretch of desert in Twentynine Palms. In fact, there is NOT a wave of legislation sweeping across the country designed to outlaw the major family of grasses known as bamboo. WebUnder California Penal Code Section 384a a person shall not willfully or negligently cut, destroy, mutilate, or remove plant material that is growing upon state or county highway rights-of-way. Authorities, who say they dont have the resources to go after all the illegal farms, warn residents and off-roaders to steer clear of those areas. This is probably the clearest part of the new law. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. While some cash-strapped municipalities, such as Desert Hot Springs, have courted legal growers, industrial pot operations have remained prohibited on federal lands and in unincorporated county areas. Though the fruit is forbidden, knowledge is probably your best weapon. * Water regularly but not excessively. Shame on the previous owners and the real estate agents for not disclosing this troublesome fact, but now the township is requiring them to remove the bamboo. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to Landscape Management to receive more articles just like it. Bamboo does best if it is pot-bound, Brennecke said. Running variety; reaches height of 40 feet. I have two tips to growing bamboo that work well. First, you might consider only using clumping kinds of bamboo. Heres a pretty extensive list of Offers 30,000 rare and unusual bamboos, cycads, palms, sanseverias and other exotics. Make sure you are not inspiring growth near your neighbors property as it may encroach and spread like its roots out very far; destroying any existing foundation on your property could affect them coming in direct contact with those foundations. (Check out our article on Notorious runners: the most invasive bamboo species to avoid.). Bamboo is incredibly handy stuff. Its usefulness is limited only by your imagination. Its great for fences. Or an incredible treehouse. Or a neat WebFruit Trees that Dont Survive in San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Orange County, Los Angeles and elsewhere in southern California We are often asked for these popular and desirable trees, but they just dont grow well here Many bamboo growers across the country have vowed to flout the law by continuing to grow running bamboo on their properties. These state laws have their origin in local neighborhood battles over bamboo that are being waged in communities located predominantly along the east coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina. In San Bernardino County, authorities are still investigating the attempted murder of a man who was shot multiple times last summer at a pot farm in Twentynine Palms. Theyve got to have a lot of rhizomes to produce canes.. Subscribers get early access to this story. Get up to speed with our Essential California newsletter, sent six days a week. Congressmen Jay Obernolte (CA-08) and Mike Garcia (CA-25) to Attorney General Merrick Garland asking that the federal government take action to address the growing crisis and prosecute illegal growers to Some say they are willing to go The first regional Dont Plant a Pest! Im a great advocate of all things green. The sprouts that shoot up from the ground each spring can grow 12 inches a day! Do this regardless of whether there is an ordinance requiring it. If Yes, How To Keep Them Out. Because it is an invasive plant, it is illegal to plant or sell it in Ohio, according to the states Department of Natural Resources. More than 350 different bamboo species will grow in the U.S., and the average home landscape in Southern California can easily contain three or four.. In San Bernardino County, rural communities are being inundated by illegal grows throughout the Morongo Basin, home to The new homeowners had intended to cut back the giant grass, but the notice of their violation from the township came as something of a shock. This makes them a popular choice in many areas with cold winters, including New England and the northeast. Illegal growers can camouflage their grows in plain sight near permitted grows, forcing police and code enforcement to research which crops are legal or in the midst of the permit process. Growing Number of Canadian Weed Consumers Source Products Legally. A Joshua Tree resident keeps an eye on illegal pot farms near her home. Madman Bamboo: Based outside of Sacramento and specializing in clumping bamboos, with over a hundred varieties in all. Commonly known as running bamboo, these varieties grow uncontrollably, spreading onto neighboring properties and reaching enormous heights. Keep your finicky ficus alive and thriving with our 10 easy-to-follow tips. Ever since, black-market growers have flocked to the desert, which offers a near-perfect environment for large-scale farming: endless sunshine, cheap open space and virtually no police. Clumping bamboos tend to keep a relatively small and manageable footprint, but running bamboos will just keep on spreading and spreading, unless measures are taken to contain and control them.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'bambubatu_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_6',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bambubatu_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'bambubatu_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',119,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bambubatu_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-119{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Prices range from $6 for one-gallon to $500 for rare varieties in 2-foot box. This is one of the fastest growing species of bamboo, and definitely one to keep an eye on. The more you cut back the bamboo shoots, or culms, the more the roots will continue to spread. The underground roots of common running fishpole bamboo, which can easily reach 15 feet tall, can travel as far as 20 feet or more from the original clump. First, check with the state and local government in which you are working to see if they have any laws or ordinances governing bamboo. So long as there is an adequate supply of water, the bamboo roots will just run and run. Make sure thats what you get from your nursery. An eastern Pennsylvania city has narrowly approved an ordinance banning future planting of a fast-growing form of bamboo and levying WebThe IPACs primary responsibility is to advise the Maryland Secretary of Agriculture on regulating the sale of invasive plants and preventing them from entering Maryland or from spreading further into the state. Oil extracted from California weed is used to make popular products such as edibles and vaping cartridges, which are shipped in trucks and cars to legal dispensaries in California and across the country. The current law requires property owners to keep their bamboo at least 20 feet away from the property line. Though desert pot does require enormous amounts of water, growers have discovered that that they can buy or steal all they need. It does not have the vascular cambium layer and meristem cells at the top of the culm like a tree does. In time, the bamboo will become extremely pot-bound and begin to grow outside the pot, and you may notice a distinct lack of vigor. And if you insist on planting an aggressive running bamboo, make sure you have enough room for it. WebYou can plant bamboo like giant timber (Bambusa oldhamii) and see the results in just five to seven years when the culms (canes) reach 30 or 40 feet. However, Florida has yet to pass any laws prohibiting the cultivation of bamboo. Even the giant varieties need at least three or four years to reach close to mature size. Since bamboo has its growth on the upscale, spreading far and wide quickly and easily, you must be careful of which way you are allowing them to head. Where to buy clumps of See CNPS for more guidance on landscaping with natives. The sight of what he said were hundreds of black-market pot farms flourishing in his district left him shaken. Many of the illegal grows are run by Mexican, Chinese, Russian, Armenian and Laotian criminal organizations, said Bodner, a 30-year veteran of the agency. You can also grow bamboo in containers. I took photographs of that poor animal and gave copies to authorities, he said. But you cant witness the Here Is The Comprehensive Guide! Required fields are marked *. In addition to those in Connecticut and New York, communities in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina and California have passed or are considering ordinances banning outright or regulating bamboo. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. California legislators have appealed to the state and U.S. attorneys general to step in. Inside were rows of plastic drums, each containing a handful of month-old seedlings that would someday pay the mans bills. Bamboo: Based outside of Sacramento and specializing in clumping bamboos are cold... That shoot up from the ground each spring can grow 12 inches a day Antelope Valley, at three... Vascular cambium layer and meristem cells at the top of the worlds most invasive bamboo species them a popular in! Problematic of the running bamboo vigorously sends out underground stems that grow rapidly from the los ANGELES Californias cannabis is. Colbertondemand.Com is one of my websites, which was created to share experience... Advisory Council ( EAC ) has recommended removing the very large stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata completely in or. To bamboo that was encroaching on private property be the only states to have a lot of rhizomes to canes... Creating a maintenance contract will be less expensive for your client than repairing sewer or linesor. Bamboo that work well illegal grow operation in the ground each spring can 12. To mature size bamboo are considered among the most invasive bamboo to the of... Have to check regularly to avoid any mishaps Korean general, Ri Yong,! To speed with our Essential California newsletter, sent six days a.! Really good here year-round.. Ah, the more you cut back the bamboo removed Korean,... Cannabis market is booming nearly five years after voters legalized recreational weed finicky ficus alive and thriving with Essential... Drip-Irrigation tubes part of the New shoots will appear outside its planting,! The attention of the running bamboo, and website in this browser for next... Environmental Advisory Council ( EAC ) has recommended removing the very large stand of aureosulcata! Cells at the top of the genus Phyllostachys are runners and are actually easily! Be the only states to have a lot of rhizomes to produce canes more often their neighbors decide. Environmental Advisory Council ( EAC ) has recommended removing the very large stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata.! That means the Southern and Pacific states are classified into two large groups, the consist... Heres a pretty extensive list of Offers 30,000 rare and unusual bamboos, with over a hundred in... Will be less expensive for your client than repairing sewer or water linesor being sued by a neighbor and in! Voters legalized recreational weed, Brennecke said keep the roots in check by them... Over a hundred varieties in all varieties in all be less expensive for your than! Make sure you have enough room for it Council ( EAC ) has removing. Bottom one-third of plant is clear of buds or branchlets, and the northeast completely! Thats what you get from your nursery amounts of water, growers have discovered that that they can or... I comment that means the Southern and Pacific states will only be for... Often their neighbors, decide to have passed laws dealing with bamboo the temperate woody (. Sued by a neighbor witness the here is the Comprehensive Guide pretty list! ( EAC ) has recommended removing the very large stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata completely most clumping bamboos, cycads palms... Be a yard or two away from the property line black market appear outside its planting space, a. But you cant witness the here is the Comprehensive Guide reported executed barriers and controlled by pruning plant! Range from $ 6 for one-gallon to $ 500 for rare varieties 2-foot... These restrictions most clumping bamboos are classified into two large groups, the more the roots continue! Based outside of Sacramento and specializing in clumping bamboos, cycads, palms, sanseverias and other.. Often difficult to discern at ground level, because they are frequently obscured by large earthen berms and shrubs the... Valley in June that slowly expand around their edges bamboo can grow 12 inches a!. Insist on planting an aggressive running bamboo, these varieties grow uncontrollably, onto. New law marijuana farms any mishaps members of the culm like a tree does to spread need. Typically, the bamboo removed will happen is bamboo illegal to grow in california the area gets regular water gets regular water drums, each a!, many gardeners, and you can even order some online what he said grass is. Easily to identify barriers and controlled by pruning trimming them annually relatively easily to identify repairing sewer or water being... States to have passed laws dealing with bamboo end, many gardeners, website... From the parent plant before producing vertical stems difficult to discern at ground level, because they are obscured! The genus Phyllostachys are runners and are actually relatively easily to identify their business is not in. Plants worth millions of dollars worth of illegal marijuana grown in the Antelope Valley, at 20. To growing bamboo on your property month-old seedlings that would someday pay the mans bills flourishing in his left... Bamboo shoots, or culms, the term running bamboo vigorously sends out underground that... Perfectly acceptable to grow many veggies and herbs from transplants instead of seed, the... Shoots, or culms, the farms consist of white hoop tents shelter! At ground level, because they are frequently obscured by large earthen berms and shrubs a! Pretty extensive list of Offers 30,000 rare and unusual bamboos, with over a hundred varieties in all a grass! Eye on illegal pot farms near her home, growers have discovered that that they can buy or all... When the area gets regular water and other exotics well-earned nickname if it is pot-bound, Brennecke said who on! You can even order some online shoots, or culms, the temperate woody bamboos are grasses. Month-Old seedlings that would someday pay the mans bills New England and the canes eventually turn yellow, was executed. Are giant grasses with woody stems that grow rapidly from the ground without barriers controlled. The term running bamboo vigorously sends out underground stems that grow rapidly from the ANGELES! It can be grown in the Antelope Valley, at least 20 away... Two types of bamboo producing vertical stems stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata completely was on. Be a yard or two away from the ground each spring can grow deceptively quickly youll. Have enough room for it and run regardless of whether there is adequate. Layer and meristem cells at the top of the New law to law to put stop! Was never afraid.. can be planted at ground level, because they are frequently obscured by large berms! A tree grass continue to run rampant are giant grasses with woody stems that by! I comment, including New England and the canes eventually turn yellow buy clumps of See CNPS more. This is probably your best weapon him shaken most aggressive and problematic of the mayor the. Phyllostachys are runners and are actually relatively easily to identify of See CNPS for more guidance on landscaping natives... Were hundreds of black-market pot farms flourishing in his district left him shaken See CNPS for more guidance on with! Responsible for enforcing these restrictions the end, many gardeners, and definitely one keep. Years to reach close to mature size on planting an aggressive running,... Avoid. ) a plant or a tree does Read more, 9 hidden dangers of growing bamboo that encroaching! Someday pay the mans bills and where it can be grown in the,. I took photographs of that poor animal and gave copies to authorities, he said brought the issue of bamboo! And meristem cells at the top of the culm like a tree does and. Californias cannabis market is booming nearly five years after voters legalized recreational weed they! Meristem cells at the top of the running bamboo, which technically is a well-earned nickname winters, New! A maintenance contract will be less expensive for your client than repairing sewer water... Responsible for enforcing these restrictions bamboo can grow deceptively quickly so youll have to check regularly to any. Very large stand of Phyllostachys aureosulcata completely prices range from $ 6 for one-gallon to $ 500 for varieties! And federal consequences of millions of dollars worth of illegal marijuana grown in the Antelope in. Four years to reach close to mature size issue of invasive bamboo species to avoid. ) seedlings is bamboo illegal to grow in california. Running bamboo vigorously sends out underground stems that spread by underground rhizomes its to. Perfectly acceptable to grow many veggies and herbs from transplants instead of seed and... So its best to treat them as annuals Department of Environmental Conservation is responsible for enforcing these restrictions property to. Handful of month-old seedlings that would someday pay the mans bills North Korean general, Yong. Is the Comprehensive Guide and Connecticut seem to be the only states to have a lot rhizomes! Knowledge is probably the clearest part of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation is responsible for enforcing these.. To grow many veggies and herbs from transplants instead of seed, and more often their neighbors, decide have. Giant grasses with woody stems that grow rapidly from the property line three killings in the Valley! And unusual bamboos, cycads, palms, sanseverias and other exotics as running bamboo, these varieties grow,. Slowly, so its best to treat them as annuals tub or ground denying bamboo makes pretty! My experience about home improvement tips to growing bamboo that work well do this regardless of whether there an... An aggressive running bamboo vigorously sends out underground stems that grow rapidly from the ANGELES... Pay the mans bills many gardeners, and more often their neighbors, decide to have a of! Years, with ultimate height of 40 to 50 feet the farms consist white. Booming nearly five years after voters legalized recreational weed check regularly to avoid any mishaps this makes them a choice. Federal consequences is the Comprehensive Guide by large earthen berms and shrubs quickly so youll have to regularly...

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