satsuma rebellion primary sources

"How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion." The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Morale was extremely low, and lacking any strategy, the Satsuma forces dug in to wait for the next Imperial Army offensive. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. He argued that Japan should use diplomacy, rather than resorting to force, and offered to head a delegation himself. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle, and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. His intransigence was one of the major causes of the subsequent Boshin War. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their . . As commander of Satsuma's troops, Saigo led an 1864 punitive expedition against the Choshu domain, whose army in Kyoto had opened fire on the Emperor's residence. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. . Statements. Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. The Satsuma Rebellion. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Augustus Henry Mounsey. The first prints portraying the rebellion did not appear until early March, likely due to government restrictions on coverage "prohibiting the 'publication in newspapers of material about the Army for Subjugation of the Kumamoto Rebels. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. Gordon, Andrew. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan. The Shigakko students set out with him, bringing rifles, pistols, swords, and artillery. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. Each battalion consisted of four companies. He suffered from angina and also filariasis, a parasitic infection that gave him a grotesquely enlarged scrotum. Sophia University was established in Tokyo in 1913 by the Society of Jesus. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. Blog. ThoughtCo. instance of. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Those men were motivated by growing domestic problems and by the threat of foreign encroachment. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. Monumenta Nipponica Soon, more than 1,000 Satsuma samurai appeared and drove off the intruding sailors. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. However, he was never able to reconcile his love of samurai tradition with the demands of modernizing the nation. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. 28, No. The men were captured, and under torture, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saig. Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. However, Saig burned his private papers and army uniform on August 19, and slipped away towards Kagoshima with his remaining able-bodied men. Main article: Satsuma Rebellion Portrait of Saig Takamori, faithful depiction by the acquaintance Tokonami Masayoshi in 1887 Saig preparing for war Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. image. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. These cookies track visitors across websites . The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. Superior Essays. Japan was divided into six military districts: Tokyo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Kumamoto, with two or three regiments of infantry, plus artillery and other auxiliary troops, assigned to each district. By this time much uneasiness prevailed. His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. After the Boshin War, Saigo retired to hunt, fish, and soak in hot springs. The samurai didn't hesitate to answer this questio. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. On January 30, 1877, the central government launched a raid on the arms and ammunition storage areas in Kagoshima, without any prior warning to the Satsuma authorities. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. During war a company's strength was to be increased to 240 privates. 0 Reviews. Ravina, Mark. 7. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. 1 reference. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. He hoped to raise the samurai of other domains along the way. [10] Statues in Ueno Park, Tokyo and near the ruins of Kagoshima Castle stand in his memory. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . Kumamoto, Fukuoka, Saga and other places in Kyushu, not to speak of Satsuma, his birthplace, responded to his call. Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages. The Satsuma Rebellion - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to remove the weapons stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. Omissions? Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. At the same time, the shogun's government in Edo was increasingly tyrannical, trying to keep a hold on power. Just four days after his return, he had an audience with the daimyo, Hisamitsu, who shocked him by appointing him commander of the Satsuma army in Kyoto. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.[3]. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Meiji Restoration leader's lessons of sincerity", Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 1 of 2), On Saig and the establishment of a railway, "The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, "Seppuku", and the Politics of Legend", Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saig_Takamori&oldid=1130843774, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Saig Kichijir (younger brother): Killed in action in the, Saig Kohei (younger brother): Killed in action in the, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 07:05. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. The traditional explanation of the offensive rifle cartridges causing the initial outbreak of mutiny is only part of the story. However, Northeastern domains led by Aizu continued to fight on the shogun's behalf until September., when they surrendered to Saigo, who treated them fairly, furthering his fame as a symbol of samurai virtue. The Satsuma Rebellion. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . Corrections? All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. In Kagoshima prefecture (formerly Satsuma domain), the samurai of the 'private-school faction' (referring to graduates of the private school set up by SAIGO Takamori and his disciples), organized by KIRINO Toshiaki, et al., joined forces with the Prefectural Governor OYAMA Tsunayoshi to advance their own policies. Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. However, the imperial government gradually sent more than 45,000 reinforcements to relieve Kumamoto, finally driving the Satsuma army away with heavy casualties. With Portrait, Maps, and. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. Many former samurai from the area joined Saigo's army, increasing his force to 20,000. Instance of. [11], Modern weapons that were used by the Imperial Army include the Smith and Wesson Model 3, Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, Winchester Model 1873, Enfield Pattern 1853, Mauser Model 1871, as well as the Gatling and Armstrong guns. Rather than facing arrest, Gessho and Saigo jumped from a skiff into Kagoshima Bay and were pulled from the water by the boat's crewregrettably, Gessho could not be revived. List Price: $31.95. In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. Saig and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi outnumbered Saig 60-to-1. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. During war, the mountain artillery had a nominal strength of 160 men per battery and field artillery had 130 men per battery. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external. 20-11-2011 19:18:05 ZULU. The Satsuma samurai fought on with fierce determination; meanwhile, the defenders ran out of artillery shells. Despite a rocky relationship with the new daimyo of Satsuma, Nariakira's half-brother Hisamitsu, Saigo soon was back in the fray. On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. [2] He wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ).[3]. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. 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